The orange light emitting luciferase from the rare Euryopa clarindae adult railroadworm (Coleoptera:Phengodidae): structural/functional and evolutionary relationship with green and red emitting luciferases.

Railroadworms luciferases emit the widest range of bioluminescence colors among beetles, ranging from green to red, being model enzymes to investigate the structure and bioluminescence colors relationships. Only three active railroadworms luciferases from the larval stage have been cloned and investigated: the Phrixothrix hirtus head lanterns red-emitting luciferase (PhRE); the Phrixothrix vivianii lateral lanterns green emitting luciferases (PvGR) and the Phengodes sp. dorsal lanterns yellow-green emitting luciferase (Ph). No active luciferase emitting in the yellow-orange region, however, has been cloned yet. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the orange emitting luciferase from the adult males of a rare Brazilian Cerrado railroadworm, Euryopa clarindae, and the transcriptional identification of two isozymes from the Amazon forest Mastinomorphus sp. railroadworm. The luciferase of E. clarindae has 548 residues, emits orange bioluminescence (600 nm), and displays intermediate kinetic values [KM(luciferin) = 50 µM, KM(ATP) ~ 170 µM] between those reported for green-emitting lateral lanterns and red emitting head lanterns luciferases. It displays 74-78% identity with the lateral lanterns luciferases of other railroadworms and 70% with the head lantern PhRE luciferase, and 96% with the larval Mastinomorphus sp. Mast-1, suggesting that this larva could be from the Euryopa genus. The phylogenetic analysis and kinetic/functional properties, place this orange-emitting enzyme as an intermediate form between the green-emitting lateral lanterns and red-emitting head lanterns luciferases. Major structural differences that could be associated with bioluminescence color determination are a relatively larger cavity size, and substitutions in the loops 223-235 and 311-316, especially N/C/T311, and their interactions which may help to close the bottom of LBS.

Responses of skeletal muscle hypertrophy in Wistar rats to different resistance exercise models.

This study aimed to compare the effects of three different resistance exercise models on the quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area, as well as on mTOR phosphorylation and other pivotal molecules involved in the upstream regulation of mTOR. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into untrained (control), endurance resistance training, strength resistance training, and hypertrophy resistance training (HRT) groups (n=6). After 12 weeks of training, the red portion of the quadriceps was removed for histological and Western blot analyses. The results showed that the quadriceps weight and cross-sectional areas in the exercised groups were higher than those of the untrained rats. However, the HRT group presented better results than the other two experimental groups. This same pattern was observed for mTOR phosphorylation and for the most pivotal molecules involved in the upstream control of mTOR (increase of PKB, 14-3-3, ERK, p38 MAPK, and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, and reduction of tuberin, sestrin 2, REDD1, and phospho AMPK). In summary, our study showed that HRT leads to high levels of mTOR phosphorylation as well as of other proteins involved in the upstream regulation of mTOR.

Genetic divergence through joint analysis of morphoagronomic and molecular characters in accessions of Jatropha curcas.

The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic divergence between accessions of Jatropha curcas through joint analysis of morphoagronomic and molecular characters. To this end, we investigated 11 morphoagronomic characters and performed molecular genotyping, using 23 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers in 46 accessions of J. curcas. We calculated the contribution of each character on divergence using analysis of variance. The grouping among accessions was performed using the Ward-MLM (modified location model) method, using morphoagronomic and molecular data, whereas the cophenetic correlation was obtained based on Gower's algorithm. There were significant differences in all growth-related characteristics: number of primary and secondary branches per plant, plant height, and stem diameter. For characters related to grain production, differences were found for number of fruit clusters per plant and number of inflorescence clusters per plant and average number of seeds per fruit. The greatest phenotypic variation was found in plant height (59.67- 222.33 cm), whereas the smallest variation was found in average number of seeds per fruit (0-2.90), followed by the number of fruit clusters per plant (0-8.67). In total, 94 polymorphic ISSR fragments were obtained. The genotypic grouping identified six groups, indicating that there is genetic divergence among the accessions. The most promising crossings for future hybridization were identified among accessions UFRB60 and UFVJC45, and UFRB61 and UFVJC18. In conclusion, the joint analysis of morphoagronomic characters and ISSR markers is an efficient method to assess the genetic divergence in J. curcas.

Vascular endothelial growth factor as an angiogenesis biomarker for the progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a hereditary nephropathy characterized by abnormal growth of epithelial cells. Genetic factors, including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, play an important role in its progression. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of VEGF-C936T polymorphism in the development and progression of ADPKD. In total, 302 individuals were studied and divided into two groups: G1 (73 patients with ADPKD) and G2 (229 individuals without the disease). Among the patients, 46 (63%) progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and required hemodialysis and/or renal transplant. These patients were re-grouped into G1-A for progression analysis. A peripheral blood sample was obtained from all subjects; the DNA was extracted and the VEGF-C936T polymorphism analyzed using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. The homozygous wild-type genotype (C/C) was predominant in G1 (78%) and G2 (79%; P = 0.9249). We observed a significant reduction in the mean age of patients with the risk allele (C/T + T/T = 44.3 ± 13.4 years) compared to the C/C genotype (52.2 ± 9.6 years; P = 0.047) in G1-A. In conclusion, the VEGF-C936T polymorphism does not discriminate patients from controls. However, the presence of the T allele appears to accelerate the progression of ADPKD, anticipating ESRD, thereby suggesting its importance in the prognosis of the disease. However, the importance role played by VEGF gene variants in different populations and larger sample sizes must be verified.

Proximal tibia fracture in a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury associated with robotic treadmill training.

STUDY DESIGN: One case report of proximal tibia fracture in a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) associated with robotic treadmill training. OBJECTIVE: To raise the awareness that bone densitometry may be recommended before starting the robotic treadmill therapy, as well as the active vigilance of symptoms after therapy. SETTING: Institute of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Lucy Montoro Institute for Rehabilitation, Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. CASE REPORT: The patient, female gender, with a fracture of vertebra T12 and arthrodesis from T9 to L1 (American Spinal Injury Association Classification (ASIA-C)). Training on Lokomat consisted of five 30-min weekly sessions, under the supervision of a qualified professional. At the beginning of the 19th session, the patient complained of pain in the anterior region of the left knee. Lokomat and any other body support therapy were discontinued. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidenced a transverse, oblique, metaphyseal proximal anterior and medial tibial fracture. CONCLUSION: Fractures are among the chronic complications of a SCI, affecting 34% and many times arising from minimal traumas. Lokomat resembles physiological walking, and more studies show its benefits. Many studies encourage the use of robotic devices for the rehabilitation of lower limbs, but there are still several unanswered questions. However, there are not enough studies to show whether there is a higher risk of fracture incidence in patients with osteopenia or osteoporosis who trained on the Lokomat.

Influence of vascular endothelial growth factor and alpha-fetoprotein on hepatocellular carcinoma.

We evaluated the influence of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -C936T polymorphism on prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cirrhosis, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Serum VEGF and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were determined and used to characterize sensitivity and specificity. A total of 285 subjects were studied: 68 HCC, 118 cirrhosis, 43 HCV, and 56 healthy controls. Prevalence of the VEGF -C936T polymorphism and serum levels of VEGF and AFP were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The genotype CC (frequencies between 63.24 and 76.79%; P > 0.05) and the C allele (absolute frequencies from 0.816 to 0.884, P > 0.05) were prevalent in all groups. Higher VEGF levels in HCC patients (588.0 ± 501.0 pg/mL) were observed, particularly in patients with the T allele in VEGF -C936T (764.4 ± 571.7 pg/mL) compared to those in the other groups (P < 0.05). The same trend occurred with AFP levels (HCC = 8.522 ± 23.830; cirrhosis = 12.7 ± 59.3; HCV = 4.6 ± 4.7; control = 2.7 ± 1.8 ng/mL; P = 0.005). Levels of VEGF and AFP showed sensitivity of 65 and 28% and specificity of 85 and 99%, respectively, for HCC patients. In conclusion, the VEGF -C936T polymorphism is not associated with HCC but the mutant allele (T) increases VEGF levels in HCC patients. VEGF could be a potential biomarker for HCC, while AFP could be used to distinguish between patients with HCC and cirrhosis or HCV.

Amlodipine reduces blood pressure during dynamic resistance exercise in hypertensive patients.

This study investigated the effect of the dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist, amlodipine, on blood pressure (BP) during resistance exercise performed at different intensities in hypertensives. Eleven hypertensives underwent 4 weeks of placebo and amlodipine (random double-blinded crossover design). In each phase, they performed knee extension exercise until exhaustion following three protocols: one set at 100% of 1 RM (repetition maximum), three sets at 80% of 1 RM, and three sets at 40% of 1 RM. Intraarterial BP was measured before and during exercise. Amlodipine reduced maximal systolic/diastolic BP values achieved at all intensities (100% = 225 ± 6/141 ± 3 vs. 207 ± 6/130 ± 6 mmHg; 80% = 289 ± 8/178 ± 5 vs. 273 ± 10/169 ± 6 mmHg; 40% = 289 ± 10/176 ± 8 vs. 271 ± 11/154 ± 6 mmHg). Amlodipine blunted the increase in diastolic BP that occurred during the second and third sets of exercise at 40% of 1RM (+75 ± 6 vs. +61 ± 5 mmHg and +78 ± 7 vs. +64 ± 5 mmHg, respectively). Amlodipine was effective in reducing the absolute values of systolic and diastolic BP during resistance exercise and in preventing the progressive increase in diastolic BP that occurs over sets of low-intensity exercise. These results suggest that systemic vascular resistance is involved in BP increase during resistance exercise, and imply that hypertensives receiving amlodipine are at lower risk of increased BP during resistance exercise than non-medicated patients.

Effects of physical exercise on the P38MAPK/REDD1/14-3-3 pathways in the myocardium of diet-induced obesity rats.

Obesity is associated with myocardial insulin resistance and impairment of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. The activation of the mTOR cascade by exercise has been largely shown in skeletal muscle, but insufficiently analyzed in myocardial tissue. In addition, little is known regarding the mTOR upstream molecules in the hearts of obese animals and even less about the role of exercise in this process. Thus, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of physical exercise on P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (P38MAPK) phosphorylation and the REDD1 (regulated in development and DNA damage responses 1) and 14-3-3 protein levels in the myocardium of diet-induced obesity (DIO) rats. After achievement of DIO and insulin resistance, Wistar rats were divided in 2 groups: sedentary obese rats and obese rats performed treadmill running (50-min/day, 5 days per week velocity of 1.0 km/h for 2 months). Forty-eight hours after the final physical exercise, the rats were killed, and the myocardial tissue was removed for Western blot analysis. DIO increased the REDD1 protein levels and reduced the 14-3-3 protein levels and P38MAPK, mTOR, P70S6k (p70 ribosomal S6 protein kinase), and 4EBP1 (4E-binding protein-1) phosphorylation. Interestingly, physical exercise reduced the REDD1 protein levels and increased the 14-3-3 protein levels and P38MAPK, mTOR, P70S6k, and 4EBP1 phosphorylation. Moreover, exercise increased the REDD1/14-3-3 association in the heart. Our results indicate that the phospho-P38MAPK, REDD1, and 14-3-3 protein levels were reduced in the myocardium of obese rats and that physical exercise increased the protein levels of these molecules.

Genetic diversity and selection gain in the physic nut (Jatropha curcas).

The use of efficient breeding methods depends on knowledge of genetic control of traits to be improved. We estimated genetic parameters, selection gain, and genetic diversity in physic nut half-sib families, in order to provide information for breeding programs of this important biofuel species. The progeny test included 20 half-sib families in 4 blocks and 10 plants per plot. The mean progeny heritability values were: 50% for number of bunches, 47% for number of fruits, 35% for number of seeds, 6% for stem diameter, 26% for number of primary branches, 14% for number of secondary branches, 66% for plant height, and 25% for survival of the plants, demonstrating good potential for early selection in plant height, number of branches, and number of fruits per plant. In the analysis of genetic diversity, genotypes were divided into 4 groups. Genotypes 18, 19, 20, and 8 clustered together and presented the highest means for the vegetative and production. Lower means were observed in the 17, 12, 13, and 9 genotypes from the same group. We detected genetic variability in this population, with high heritability estimates and accuracy, demonstrating the possibility of obtaining genetic gains for vegetative characters and production at 24 months after planting.

Comportamento ingestivo de vacas em lactação alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar ou feno da parte aérea da mandioca / Ingestive behavior of dairy cows fed sugar cane or cassava aerial portion hay

Avaliou-se o efeito de dietas com cana-de-açúcar ou diferentes porcentagens de inclusão de feno da parte aérea da mandioca (FPAM) sobre o comportamento ingestivo de vacas leiteiras. Utilizaram-se 16 vacas, sendo 12 em lactação e quatro secas, fistuladas, distribuídas em quatro quadrados latinos 4x4. As dietas foram formuladas na tentativa de serem isoenergéticas, com quatro porcentagens de FPAM na dieta 0, 33, 67 e 100% da MS total da dieta, em substituição à cana-de-açúcar tratada com 1% de uma mistura de ureia e sulfato de amônio (9:1 partes). O comportamento ingestivo foi avaliado durante 24 horas consecutivas, sendo as observações efetuadas em intervalos de cinco minutos. Foi observado efeito quadrático (P<0,05) sobre os consumos de matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro, por dia e por período de alimentação, sobre as atividades de alimentação, ruminação, mastigação e ócio, bem como sobre as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação. Não foi apresentada diferença (P>0,05) para os números e períodos de alimentação e ruminação. A avaliação do comportamento ingestivo constitui ferramenta de mensuração da quantidade e qualidade das dietas consumidas, uma vez que demonstra a resposta ingestiva dos bovinos à dieta fornecida.

The effect of diets containing sugar cane or different percentages of cassava aerial portion hay (FPAM) inclusion on dairy cows ingestion behavior was evaluated. Sixteen cows were used, including twelve lactating and four dry, which were fistulated and divided into four 4 x 4 Latin squares. Diets were formulated in an attempt to be isoenergetic, with four percentages of FPAM in the diet (0, 33, 67 and 100% of diet total DM), replacing the sugar cane treated with 1% of a mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate (9:1 parts). The ingestion behavior was evaluated for 24 consecutive hours, with observations at five minute intervals. A quadratic effect (P<0.05) on dry matter and neutral detergent fiber intake, per day and feeding period, on feeding, ruminating, chewing and idle activities, as well as on feeding and ruminating efficiencies, with no difference (P>0,05) for numbers and periods of feeding and rumination was observed. The ingestion behavior evaluation constitutes a tool for measuring the amount and quality of diets consumed, since it demonstrates their ingestion response by cattle diet provided.

Reversion of steatosis by SREBP-1c antisense oligonucleotide did not improve hepatic insulin action in diet-induced obesity mice.

The literature has associated hepatic insulin action with NAFLD. In this sense, treatments to revert steatosis and improve hepatic insulin action become important. Our group has demonstrated that inhibition of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Proteins-1c (SREBP-1c) reverses hepatic steatosis. However, insulin signals after NAFLD reversion require better investigation. Thus, in this study, we investigated if the reversal of NAFLD by SREBP-1c inhibitor results in improvement in the hepatic insulin signal in obesity mice. After installation/achievement of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, Swiss mice were divided into 3 groups: i) Lean, ii) D-IHS, diet-induced hepatic steatosis [no treatment with antisense oligonucleotide (ASO)], and iii) RD-IHS, reversion of diet-induced hepatic steatosis (treated with ASO). The mice were treated with ASO SREBP-1c as previously described by our group. After ASO treatment, one set of animals was anesthetized and used for in vivo test, and another mice set was anesthetized and used for histology and Western blot analysis. Reversion of diet-induced hepatic steatosis did not change blood glucose, glucose decay constant (k(ITT)), body weight, or serum insulin levels. In addition, results showed that the protocol did not improve insulin pathway signaling, as confirmed by the absence of changes in IR, IRS1, Akt and Foxo1 phosphorylation in hepatic tissue. In parallel, no alterations were observed in proinflammatory molecules. Thus, our results suggest that the inhibition of SREBP-1c reverts steatosis, but without improving insulin hepatic resistance.

Comparative analysis of the performance of various crystalloid cardioplegic solutions on myocardial protection after prolonged cold ischemia.

INTRODUCTION: The quality and effectiveness of myocardial protection are fundamental problems to expand the use of and consequently good outcomes of donated hearts for transplantation. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to compare the cardioprotective effects of Krebs-Henseleit, Bretschneider-HTK, St Thomas, and Celsior solutions using a modified nonrecirculating Langendorff column model of isolated perfused rat heart during prolonged cold storage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After removal 36 rat hearts underwent isolated perfusion into a Langendorff apparatus using Krebs-Henseleit solution for a 15-minute period of recovery; we excluded organs that did not maintain an aortic pressure above 100 m Hg. Subsequently, we equally distributed the hearts into four groups according to the cardioprotection solution; group 1, Krebs-Henseleit (control); group II, Bretschneider-HTK; group III, St Thomas; and group IV, Celsior. Each heart received the specific cardioplegic solution at 10°C for 2-hour storage at 20°C, before a 15 minutes perfusion with Krebs-Henseleit solution for recovery and stabilization. After 60 additional minutes of perfusion, every 5 minutes we determined heart rate (HR), coronary flow (CF), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), and positive and negative peak of the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt and -dP/dt, respectively). RESULTS: Comparative analysis by Turkey's test showed the following performances among the groups at 60 minutes of reperfusion: HR: II = IV > III > I; CF: II = IV > I = III; LVSP: IV > I = II = III; +dP/dt: IV > I = II = III; and -dP/dt: IV = II > I = II. CONCLUSION: Cardioprotective solutions generally used in clinical practice are not able to avoid hemodynamic alterations in hearts exposed to prolonged ischemia. Celsior solution showed better performance than Bretschneider-HTK, St Thomas, and Krebs-Henseleit.

Finger blood pressure during leg resistance exercise.

Blood pressure (BP) assessment during resistance exercise can be useful to avoid high BP, reducing cardiovascular risk, especially in hypertensive individuals. However, non-invasive accurate technique for this purpose is not available. The aim of this study was to compare finger photoplethysmographic (FPP) and intra-arterial BP values and responses during resistance exercise. Eight non-medicated hypertensive subjects (5 males, 30-60 years) were evaluated during pre-exercise resting period and during three sets of the knee extension exercise performed at 80% of 1RM until fatigue. BP was measured simultaneously by FPP and intra-arterial methods. Data are mean+/-SD. Systolic BP was significantly higher with FPP than with intra-arterial: at pre-exercise (157+/-13 vs. 152+/-10 mmHg; p<0.01) and the mean (202+/-29 vs. 198+/-26 mmHg; p<0.01), and the maximal (240+/-26 vs. 234+/-16 mmHg; p<0.05) values achieved during exercise. The increase in systolic BP during resistance exercise was similar between FPP and intra-arterial (+73+/-29 vs. +71+/-18 mmHg; p=0.59). Diastolic BP values and increases were lower with FPP. In conclusion, FPP provides similar values of BP increment during resistance exercise than intra-arterial method. However, it overestimates by 2.6+/-6.1% the maximal systolic BP achieved during this mode of exercise and underestimates by 8.8+/-5.8% the maximal diastolic BP.

Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity of G6PD-deficient patients with A-(202G>A) mutation.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an enzymopathy in which reduced NADPH concentrations are not maintained, resulting in oxidative damage. We evaluated G6PD activity, oxidative stress levels and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity in individuals with the A-(202G>A) mutation for G6PD deficiency. Five hundred and forty-four peripheral blood samples were screened for G6PD deficiency; we also analyzed lipid peroxidation products measured as thiobarbituric acid reactive species and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. Men with the A-(202G>A) mutation had lower G6PD activity than women with the same mutation. Individuals with the A-(202G>A) mutation also differed in mean Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity values but not for thiobarbituric acid reactive species values. We concluded that A-(202G>A) mutation is associated with reduced G6PD activity and increased Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity.

The performance of semi-quantitative differential PCR is similar to that of real-time PCR for the detection of the MYCN gene in neuroblastomas.

Amplification of the MYCN gene in neuroblastomas is a potent biological marker of highly aggressive tumors, which are invariably fatal unless sound clinical management is applied. To determine the usefulness of semi-quantitative differential PCR (SQ-PCR) for accurate quantification of MYCN gene copy number, we evaluated the analytical performance of this method by comparing the results obtained with it for 101 tumor samples of neuroblastoma to that obtained by absolute and relative real-time PCR. Similar results were obtained for 100 (99%) samples, no significant difference was detected between the median log10 MYCN copy number (1.53 by SQ-PCR versus 1.55 by absolute real-time PCR), and the results of the two assays correlated closely (r = 0.8, Pearson correlation; P < 0.001). In the comparison of SQ-PCR and relative real-time PCR, SQ-PCR versus relative real-time PCR concordant results were found in 100 (99%) samples, no significant difference was found in median log10 MYCN copy number (1.53 by SQ-PCR versus 1.27 by relative real-time PCR), and the results of the two assays correlated closely (r = 0.8, Pearson correlation; P < 0.001). These findings indicate that the performance of SQ-PCR was comparable to that of real-time PCR for the amplification and quantification of MYCN copy number. Thus, SQ-PCR can be reliably used as an alternative assay in laboratories without facilities for real-time PCR.

The performance of semi-quantitative differential PCR is similar to that of real-time PCR for the detection of the MYCN gene in neuroblastomas

Amplification of the MYCN gene in neuroblastomas is a potent biological marker of highly aggressive tumors, which are invariably fatal unless sound clinical management is applied. To determine the usefulness of semi-quantitative differential PCR (SQ-PCR) for accurate quantification of MYCN gene copy number, we evaluated the analytical performance of this method by comparing the results obtained with it for 101 tumor samples of neuroblastoma to that obtained by absolute and relative real-time PCR. Similar results were obtained for 100 (99 percent) samples, no significant difference was detected between the median log10 MYCN copy number (1.53 by SQ-PCR versus 1.55 by absolute real-time PCR), and the results of the two assays correlated closely (r = 0.8, Pearson correlation; P < 0.001). In the comparison of SQ-PCR and relative real-time PCR, SQ-PCR versus relative real-time PCR concordant results were found in 100 (99 percent) samples, no significant difference was found in median log10 MYCN copy number (1.53 by SQ-PCR versus 1.27 by relative real-time PCR), and the results of the two assays correlated closely (r = 0.8, Pearson correlation; P < 0.001). These findings indicate that the performance of SQ-PCR was comparable to that of real-time PCR for the amplification and quantification of MYCN copy number. Thus, SQ-PCR can be reliably used as an alternative assay in laboratories without facilities for real-time PCR.

Association between apolipoprotein E genotype, serum lipids, and colorectal cancer in Brazilian individuals

We evaluated genetic variants of apolipoprotein E (APOE HhaI) and their association with serum lipids in colorectal cancer (CRC), together with eating habits and personal history. Eight-seven adults with CRC and 73 controls were studied. APOE*2 (rs7412) and APOE*4 (rs429358) were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. APOE gene polymorphisms were similar in both groups, but the å4/å4 genotype (6 percent) was present only in controls. The patients had reduced levels (mean ± SD) of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction (180.4 ± 49.5 and 116.1 ± 43.1 mg/dL, respectively) compared to controls (204.2 ± 55.6, P = 0.135 and 134.7 ± 50.8 mg/dL; P = 0.330, respectively) indicating that they were not statistically significant after the Bonferroni correction. The APOE*4 allele was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction and increased levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction and triglycerides only among patients (P = 0.014). There was a positive correlation between the altered lipid profile and increased body mass indexes in both groups (P < 0.010). Moreover, a higher rate of hypertension and overweight was observed in controls (P < 0.002). In conclusion, the presence of the å4/å4 genotype only in controls may be due to a protective effect against CRC. Lower lipid profile values among patients, even those on lipid-rich diets associated with the APOE*4 allele, suggest alterations in the lipid synthesis and metabolism pathways in CRC.

Association between apolipoprotein E genotype, serum lipids, and colorectal cancer in Brazilian individuals.

We evaluated genetic variants of apolipoprotein E (APOE HhaI) and their association with serum lipids in colorectal cancer (CRC), together with eating habits and personal history. Eight-seven adults with CRC and 73 controls were studied. APOE*2 (rs7412) and APOE*4 (rs429358) were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. APOE gene polymorphisms were similar in both groups, but the epsilon4/epsilon4 genotype (6%) was present only in controls. The patients had reduced levels (mean +/- SD) of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction (180.4 +/- 49.5 and 116.1 +/- 43.1 mg/dL, respectively) compared to controls (204.2 +/- 55.6, P = 0.135 and 134.7 +/- 50.8 mg/dL; P = 0.330, respectively) indicating that they were not statistically significant after the Bonferroni correction. The APOE*4 allele was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction and increased levels of very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction and triglycerides only among patients (P = 0.014). There was a positive correlation between the altered lipid profile and increased body mass indexes in both groups (P < 0.010). Moreover, a higher rate of hypertension and overweight was observed in controls (P < 0.002). In conclusion, the presence of the epsilon4/epsilon4 genotype only in controls may be due to a protective effect against CRC. Lower lipid profile values among patients, even those on lipid-rich diets associated with the APOE*4 allele, suggest alterations in the lipid synthesis and metabolism pathways in CRC.

Bagaço de mandioca em dietas de novilhas leiteiras: consumo de nutrientes e desempenho produtivo / Cassava bagasse in diets of dairy heifers: intake of nutrients and productive performance

A inclusão de quatro níveis, 0, 7, 14 e 21 por cento, de bagaço de mandioca na dieta de novilhas leiteiras foi avaliada durante 56 dias. Utilizaram-se 20 novilhas leiteiras ¾Gir x »Holandês. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições, recebendo dietas compostas por silagem de sorgo e concentrado, duas vezes ao dia. As dietas foram balanceadas para promover ganho de peso de 0,70kg/dia. Realizaram-se pesagens, a cada 28 dias, para determinar o ganho de peso. Avaliaram-se o consumo dos nutrientes, o ganho médio diário (GMD) e a conversão alimentar (CA). O consumo foi expresso em kg/dia, porcentagem do peso corporal ( por centoPC) e gramas por kg de peso metabólico (g/kg0,75). Os consumos de matéria seca e de proteína bruta não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, mas os consumos de fibra em detergente neutro e de fibra em detergente ácido apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente com o aumento do nível de bagaço; para o consumo de carboidratos não fibrosos, houve aumento linear (P<0,10). O GMD foi de 0,84; 0,80; 0,79 e 0,51kg/dia e a CA de 7,2; 7,5; 8,4 e 12,6 para os tratamentos 0, 7, 14 e 21 por cento de inclusão do bagaço de cana, respectivamente. O melhor nível de utilização de bagaço de mandioca na dieta de novilhas foi 14 por cento.

The inclusion of 0, 7, 14, and 21 percent of cassava bagasse in the diet of dairy was evaluated during 56 days. Twenty ¾Gir x »Holstein heifers were used, being five animals per treatment. The diets were balanced to provide a weight gain of 0.70kg/day, and it was measured at every 28 days. Intake of nutrients, average daily weight gain (DWG), and feed conversion (FC) were evaluated. The intake was expressed in kg/day, body weight percentage (BW percent) and grams for kg of metabolic weight (g/kg0.75). The intakes of dry matter and crude protein were not affected by the inclusion of cassava bagasse to the diet, but intakes of the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber linearly decreased with the increase of the cassava bagasse level. However, the intake of non-fiber carbohydrates linearly increased (P<0.10). The DWG was 0.84; 0.80; 0.79; and 0.51 kg/day and the FC was 7.2; 7.5; 8.4; and 12.6 for treatments 0, 7, 14, and 21 percent, respectively. The best level of cassava bagasse utilization in diets of heifers was 14 percent.

Digestibilidade dos nutrientes do bagaço de mandioca em dietas de novilhas leiteiras / Digestibility of nutrients of cassava bagasse in diets of milk heifers

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de quatro proporções, 0, 7, 14 e 21 por cento, de bagaço de mandioca na digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em 20 novilhas leiteiras, ¾Gir x »Holandês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 180kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso e receberam dietas compostas por silagem de sorgo como volumoso. Avaliaram-se os coeficientes de digestibilidade (CD) aparente de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) e determinaram-se os nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) das dietas. Os CD de MS, MO, PB e FDA não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. Os CD do EE foram de 80,9; 73,2; 74,7 e 68,3 por cento; da FDN de 55,0; 48,3; 49,1 e 37,4 por cento e do CNF de 87,9; 89,5; 84,6 e 83,1 por cento para as proporções de 0, 7, 14 e 21 por cento, respectivamente. O teor de NDT das dietas teve redução linear quando se elevou a proporção de bagaço na dieta, apresentando valores de 68,0; 66,2; 67,0 e 62,5 por cento para os tratamentos com 0, 7, 14 e 21 por cento, respectivamente. Recomenda-se a de inclusão de bagaço de mandioca na dieta de novilhas leiteiras em até 14 por cento.

The inclusion of 0, 7, 14, and 21 percent of cassava bagasse was evaluated on apparent digestibility of nutrients in dairy heifers. Twenty ¾Gir x »Holstein dairy heifers averaging 180kg initial mean body were used. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design and received diets composed by sorghum silage as roughage. The apparent digestibility coefficients (DC) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were evaluated and total digestible nutrients of diets (TDN), were determined. DM, OM, CP, and ADF digestibility coefficients were not affected by treatments. DC of the EE were 80.9, 73.2, 74.7, and 68.3 percent; for NDF 55.0, 48.3, 49.1, and 37.4 percent and for NFC of the 87.9, 89.5, 84.6, and 83.1 percent for 0, 7, 14, and 21 percent treatments, respectively. TDN content had linear reduction as diet cassava bagasse level increased, showing values of 68.0, 66.2, 67.0, and 62.5 percent for 0, 7, 14, and 21 percent treatments, respectively. It is recommended the inclusion of cassava bagasse for dairy heifers diet until 14 percent.